AICAR
Exercise mimetic and metabolic enhancer
AICAR (5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide) is a nucleoside analog utilized in biochemical research. It functions primarily as a potent activator of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). This compound is widely studied for its profound metabolic effects, often mimicking the cellular adaptations induced by physical exercise.
- •Investigates cellular energy regulation pathways.
- •Models enhanced glucose uptake in muscle tissue.
- •Facilitates research into fatty acid oxidation processes.
- •Used to study improvements in cellular endurance capacity.
- •Explores therapeutic targets for metabolic disorders.
- •Serves as a pharmacological tool for AMPK signaling research.
AICAR is transported into cells where it is phosphorylated to form ZMP (5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-ribonucleoside monophosphate). ZMP is a structural analog of AMP (adenosine monophosphate) and binds directly to the regulatory $\gamma$-subunit of the AMPK complex. This binding induces a conformational change that promotes the phosphorylation and subsequent activation of the catalytic $\alpha$-subunit by upstream kinases, such as LKB1. The resulting activation of AMPK shifts the cellular metabolism toward catabolic processes, conserving ATP and promoting energy generation. The activation of AMPK by AICAR triggers a cascade of downstream effects, including the inhibition of lipogenic enzymes (like acetyl-CoA carboxylase) and the stimulation of glucose transporters (like GLUT4) translocation to the cell membrane. This molecular intervention effectively reprograms the cell's energy state, promoting substrate utilization and mitochondrial biogenesis, which are hallmarks of endurance training.
AICAR is a critical research tool used extensively in studies focusing on metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular health. Its ability to modulate energy homeostasis makes it invaluable for dissecting the intricate signaling pathways governed by AMPK in various tissues, including skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue. Researchers utilize AICAR to explore potential pharmacological strategies for improving insulin sensitivity and combating obesity by enhancing peripheral substrate utilization. Furthermore, AICAR is employed in exercise physiology research to understand the molecular basis of endurance and performance enhancement. It allows scientists to isolate and study the cellular adaptations typically associated with chronic physical activity, providing insights into mitochondrial function and biogenesis. This research has significant implications for developing interventions that improve muscle function and combat age-related decline in metabolic efficiency.
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Research Use Only
This product is sold strictly for research purposes only. It is not approved by the FDA for human consumption or medical use. Intended for laboratory and research applications by qualified researchers and institutions only.